The reader is assumed to be familiar with the various types of raid implementations, their advantages and drawbacks. This is not a tutorial, just a set of instructions on how to implement root mounted raid on a linux system. All of the information necessary to become familiar with linux raid is listed here directly or by reference, please read it before send e-mail questions.
Click here to browse the author's latest version of this document. Corrections and suggestions welcome!
Root-RAID-HOWTO -- OBSOLETE
Available in LaTeX (for DVI and PostScript), plain text, and HTML.
http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Root-RAID-HOWTO.htmlAvailable in SGML and HTML.
ftp.bizsystems.net/pub/raid/
Available in LaTeX (for DVI and PostScript), plain text, and HTML.
http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Boot+Root+Raid+LILO.htmlAvailable in SGML and HTML.
ftp.bizsystems.net/pub/raid/
As of this writing, the problem of stopping a root mounted RAID device has not yet been solved in a satisfactory way. A work-around proposed by Ed Welbon and implemented by Bohumil Chalupa is incorporated into this document which eliminates the need for a long ckraid at each boot for raid1 and raid5 devices. Without the workaround, it is necessary to ckraid the md device each time the system is re-booted. On a large array this can cause a severe availability performance degradation. On my 6 gig RAID1 device running on a Pentium 166 with 128 megs of ram, it takes well over half an hour to ckraid :-( after each re-boot. It takes over an hour on my 13 gig RAID5 array with a 20mb/sec scsi adaptor.
The workaround stores the status of the array at shutdown on the real boot device and compares it to a reference status placed there when the system is first built. If the status's match at reboot, the superblock on the array is rebuilt on the next boot, otherwise the operator is notified of the status error and the rescue system is left running with all the raid tools available.
Rebuilding the superblock causes the system to ignore that the array was powered down without mdstop by marking all the drives as OK, as if nothing happened. This only works if all the drives are OK at shutdown. If the array was operating with a bad drive, the operator must remove the bad drive prior to restarting the md device or the data can be corrupted.
None of this applies to raid0 which does not have to be mdstopped before shutdown.
Final proposed solutions to this problem include a finalrd similar to initrd, and mdrootstop which writes the clean flags to the array during shutdown when it is mounted read only. I am sure there are others.
In the mean time, the problem has been by-passed for now Please let me know when this problem is solved more cleanly!!!
The writings and e-mail from the following individuals helped to make this document possible. Many of the ideas were stolen from the helpful work of others, I have just tried to put it all in COOKBOOK form so that it is straightforward to use. My thanks to:
This document is GNU copyleft by Michael Robinton michael@bzs.org.
Permission to use, copy, distribute this document for any purpose is hereby granted, provided that the author's / editor's name and this notice appear in all copies and/or supporting documents; and that an unmodified version of this document is made freely available. This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, either expressed or implied. While every effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information documented herein, the author / editor / maintainer assumes NO RESPONSIBILITY for any errors, or for any damages, direct or consequential, as a result of the use of the information documented herein.
The packages you need and the documentation that answers the most common questions about setting up and running raid are listed below. Please review them throughly.
You need to obtain the most recent versions of these packages.
I used linux-2.0.33 from sunsite
I used Slackware-3.4
The detailed instructions in this document are based on the above packages. If the packages have been updated or you use a different linux distribution, you may have to modify the procedures you find here.
The patches, tool assortment, etc... may vary with 2.1 kernels. Please check the most recent documentation at:
ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/daemons/raid/
I chose to include in the kernel all of the pieces necessary to run from boot without loading any modules. My kernel image is a little over 300k compressed.
Take a look at Ed Welbon's initrd.md.tar.gz for another way to make a bootable raid device. He uses loadable modules. A look at his concise scripts will show you how it is done if you need a very small kernel with modules.
http://www.realtime.net/~welbon/initrd.md.tar.gz
Please read:
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/initrd.txt
as well as the documentation and man pages that accompany the raidtools set. In particular, read man mdadd as well as the QuickStart.RAID document included in the raidtools package.
You may also wish to review:
send mail to: raiddev@nuclecu.unam.mx
send mail to: linux-raid@vger.rutgers.edu (this seems to be the most active list)
If you use RedHat, see the Howto set up RedHat section in Appendix H. I have not tried this. If you use it successfully, please let me know so I can update this document.
If you don't want to try and build and debug the rescue system, you can get a generic one created from Slackware-3.4 from:
ftp.bizsystems.com/pub/raid/raidboot-0.01.tar.gzPerform the following steps:
cd /root/raidboot
mkdir mnt
gzip -d rescue.clean
losetup /dev/loop0 rescue.clean
mount /dev/loop0 mnt
copy these files
cp -p /etc/* mnt/etc
cp -p /etc/rc.d/* mnt/etc/rc.d
{or as appropriate for your system}
cp -a /lib/modules/* mnt/lib/modules
Some Linux distributions include a test for the ro/rw status of the
root file system. The rc startup files need to
have this test removed for the initrd rescue system. See the instructions in
the section on
Correctons for Rescue System.Create /etc/raidboot.conf which describes the raid boot configuration. This file may NOT contain comments in the first three lines, after that it doesn't matter.
raidboot.conf
/dev/sda1 /dev/sda2
raidboot
raid5.conf
# comments may only be placed 'after' the three
# configuration lines.
#
# This is '/etc/raidboot.conf'
#
# line one, the partition(s) containing the 'initrd' raid-rescue system
# It is not necessary to boot from these partitions, however,
# since the rescue system will not fit on floppy, it is necessary
# to know which partitions are to be used to load the rescue system
#
# line two, the path to the raidboot config information
# Where the shutdown status, etc... is located at boot time
# It does NOT include the mount point information, only 'path'
# /mntpoint/'path'
#
# line -3-, name of the raid configuration file
# Current raid configuration file i.e. raid1.conf, raid5.conf
A few more things to do and the raid systems is ready to boot.
Create rc.raidown, as described in Appendix F, and copy it to /etc/rc.d on the rescue, development, and raid system. Unmount the rescue system and zip it.
umount mnt
losetup -d /dev/loop0
mv rescue.clean rescue
gzip rescue
Copy the rescue file to the raidboot partitions.
cp rescue.gz /mnt_point(1)/raidboot
cp rescue.gz /mnt_point(2)/raidboot
Activate the raid array.
mdadd -ar
Save the good reference status to the raidboot partition
cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 > /mnt_point(1)/raidboot/raidgood.ref
cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 > /mnt_point(1)/raidboot/raidgood.ref
Lastly, configure the boot program as outlined in
Boot Time Configuration Parameters and reboot your system onto the
raid array.
This is the procedure to make an 'initrd' ramdisk with rescue tools for raid.
Specifically, this document referrs to RAID1 and RAID5 implementations.
The rescue file system may be used stand alone. Should your raid array fail to mount, you are left with the rescue system mounted and running. TAKE THE APPROPRIATE SECURITY PRECAUTIONS!!!
The first thing that must be done is to patch and build your kernel and become familiar with the raid tools. Make sure and include Gadi's raid stop patch in Appendix E. Configure, mount and test your raid device(s). The details of how to do this are included in the raidtools package and briefly reviewed later in this document.
I used the Slackware-3.4 distribution to build both the Rescue/Boot filesystem and the filesystem for the production machine. Any linux distribution should work fine. If you use a different distribution, review the Slackware specific portion of this procedure and modify it to suit your needs.
I use loadlin to boot the kernel image and ramdisk from a dos partition simply because there are oddball devices in my system that have dos configuration software. Lilo will work just as well and a small linux partition can be used instead containing only the raid/boot files and the lilo record.
For the raid boot/rescue system, I chose to create a minimum ramdisk system using the Slackware 'setup' script followed by installing the 'linuxthreads' package and 'raidtools' over the clean Slackware installation on my ramdisk. I used the identical procedure to build the production system. So the rescue and production systems are very similar.
This installation process gives me a 'bare' system (save a copy of the file) to which I overlay
/lib/modules/2.x.x......
/etc .... with a modified fstab, mdtab, raidX.conf, raidboot.conf
/etc/rc.d
/dev/md*
from my current system to customize it for the particular kernel and machine that it is/will-be running on.
This makes the boot/rescue system the same system that is running on the root mounted raid device, just skinnyed down a bit, while allowing the library, etc... revisions to always be current.
From the root home directory (/root):
cd /root
mkdir raidboot
cd raidboot
Create a mountpoints to work on
mkdir mnt
mkdir mnt2
Make a file large enough to do the file system install. This will be a lot larger than the final rescue file system. I chose 24 megs since 16 megs is not large enough
dd if=/dev/zero of=build bs=1024k count=24
associate the file with a loop device
and generate an ext2 file system on the file
losetup /dev/loop0 build
mke2fs -v -m0 -L initrd /dev/loop0
mount /dev/loop0 mnt
...skip Slackware Specific stuff and go to next section.
Now that an empty filesystem is created and mounted, run "setup".
Specify /root/raidboot/mnt
as the 'target'. The source is whatever you normally install from. Select the packages you wish to install and proceed but DO NOT configure.
Choose 'EXPERT' prompting mode.
I chose 'A', 'AP, and 'N' installing only the minimum to run the system plus an editor I am familiar with (vi, jed, joe) that is reasonably compact.
lqqqqqqqq SELECTING PACKAGES FROM SERIES A (BASE LINUX SYSTEM) qqqqqqqqk x lqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqk x x x [X] aaa_base Basic filesystem, shell, and utils - REQUIRED x x x x [X] bash GNU bash-1.14.7 shell - REQUIRED x x x x [X] devs Device files found in /dev - REQUIRED x x x x [X] etc System config files & utilities - REQUIRED x x x x [X] shadow Shadow password suite - REQUIRED x x x x [ ] ide Linux 2.0.30 no SCSI (YOU NEED 1 KERNEL) x x x x [ ] scsi Linux 2.0.30 with SCSI (YOU NEED 1 KERNEL) x x x x [ ] modules Modular Linux device drivers x x x x [ ] scsimods Loadable SCSI device drivers x x x x [X] hdsetup Slackware setup scripts - REQUIRED x x x x [ ] lilo Boots Linux (not UMSDOS), DOS, OS/2, etc. x x x x [ ] bsdlpr BSD lpr - printer spooling system x x x x [ ] loadlin Boots Linux (UMSDOS too!) from MS-DOS x x x x [ ] pnp Plug'n'Play configuration tool x x x x [ ] umsprogs Utilities needed to use the UMSDOS filesystem x x x x [X] sysvinit System V-like INIT programs - REQUIRED x x x x [X] bin GNU fileutils 3.12, elvis, etc. - REQUIRED x x x x [X] ldso Dynamic linker/loader - REQUIRED x x x x [ ] ibcs2 Runs SCO/SysVr4 binaries x x x x [X] less A text pager utility - REQUIRED x x x x [ ] pcmcia PCMCIA card services support x x x x [ ] getty Getty_ps 2.0.7e - OPTIONAL x x x x [X] gzip The GNU zip compression - REQUIRED x x x x [X] ps Displays process info - REQUIRED x x x x [X] aoutlibs a.out shared libs - RECOMMENDED x x x x [X] elflibs The ELF shared C libraries - REQUIRED x x x x [X] util Util-linux utilities - REQUIRED x x x x [ ] minicom Serial transfer and modem comm package x x x x [ ] cpio The GNU cpio backup/archiving utility x x x x [X] e2fsbn Utilities for the ext2 file system x x x x [X] find GNU findutils 4.1 x x x x [X] grep GNU grep 2.0 x x x x [ ] kbd Change keyboard mappings x x x x [X] gpm Cut and paste text with your mouse x x x x [X] sh_utils GNU sh-utils 1.16 - REQUIRED x x x x [X] sysklogd Logs system and kernel messages x x x x [X] tar GNU tar 1.12 - REQUIRED x x x x [ ] tcsh Extended C shell version 6.07 x x x x [X] txtutils GNU textutils-1.22 - REQUIRED x x x x [ ] zoneinfo Configures your time zone x x x mqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqj xFrom the 'AP series, I use only 'JOE', and editor I like, and 'MC' a small and useful file management tool. You choose the utilities you will need on your system.
lqqqqqqqqq SELECTING PACKAGES FROM SERIES AP (APPLICATIONS) qqqqqqqqqk x x [ ] ispell The International version of ispell x x x x [ ] jove Jonathan's Own Version of Emacs text editor x x x x [ ] manpgs More man pages (online documentation) x x x x [ ] diff GNU diffutils x x x x [ ] sudo Allow special users limited root access x x x x [ ] ghostscr GNU Ghostscript version 3.33 x x x x [ ] gsfonts1 Ghostscript fonts (part one) x x x x [ ] gsfonts2 Ghostscript fonts (part two) x x x x [ ] gsfonts3 Ghostscript fonts (part three) x x x x [ ] jed JED programmer's editor x x x x [X] joe joe text editor, version 2.8 x x x x [ ] jpeg JPEG image compression utilities x x x x [ ] bc GNU bc - arbitrary precision math language x x x x [ ] workbone a text-based audio CD player x x x x [X] mc The Midnight Commander file manager x x x x [ ] mt_st mt ported from BSD - controls tape drive x x x x [ ] groff GNU troff document formatting system x x x x [ ] quota User disk quota utilities x x x x [ ] sc The 'sc' spreadsheet x x x x [ ] texinfo GNU texinfo documentation system x x x x [ ] vim Improved vi clone x x x x [ ] ash A small /bin/sh type shell - 62K x x x x [ ] zsh Zsh - a custom *nix shell x x x mqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqj xFrom the 'N' package I only loaded TCPIP. This isn't really necessary, but is very handy and allows access to the network while working on a repair or update with the root raid array dismounted. TCPIP also contains 'biff' which is used by some of the applications in 'A'. If you don't install 'N' you might want to install the biff package anyway.
lqqqq SELECTING PACKAGES FROM SERIES N (NETWORK/NEWS/MAIL/UUCP) qqqqqk x lqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqk x x x [ ] apache Apache WWW (HTTP) server x x x x [ ] procmail Mail delivery/filtering utility x x x x [ ] dip Handles SLIP/CSLIP connections x x x x [ ] ppp Point-to-point protocol x x x x [ ] mailx The mailx mailer x x x x [X] tcpip TCP/IP networking programs x x x x [ ] bind Berkeley Internet Name Domain server x x x x [ ] rdist Remote file distribution utility x x x x [ ] lynx Text-based World Wide Web browser x x x x [ ] uucp Taylor UUCP 1.06.1 with HDB && Taylor configs x x x x [ ] elm Menu-driven user mail program x x x x [ ] pine Pine menu-driven mail program x x x x [ ] sendmail The sendmail mail transport agent x x x x [ ] metamail Metamail multimedia mail extensions x x x x [ ] smailcfg Extra configuration files for sendmail x x x x [ ] cnews Spools and transmits Usenet news x x x x [ ] inn InterNetNews news transport system x x x x [ ] tin The 'tin' news reader (local or NNTP) x x x x [ ] trn 'trn' for /var/spool/news x x x x [ ] trn-nntp 'trn' for NNTP (install 1 'trn' maximum) x x x x [ ] nn-spool 'nn' for /var/spool/news x x x x [ ] nn-nntp 'nn' for NNTP (install 1 'nn' maximum) x x x x [ ] netpipes Network pipe utilities x x x mqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqj xWith the installation complete, say no to everything else (no to all configuration requests) and exit the script.
Now you must install the 'linuxthreads-0.71' library. I have included this diff for the linuxthreads Makefile rather than explain the details of the installation by hand. Save the original Makefile, apply the diff and then:
cd /usr/src/linuxthreads-0.71
patch
make
make install
-------------------diff Makefile.old Makefile.raid-----------------
2a3,13
> # If you are building "linuxthreads" for installation on a mount
> # point which is not the "root" partition, redefine 'BUILDIR' to
> # the mount point to use as the "root" directory
> # You may wish to do this if you are building an 'initial ram disk'
> # such as used with bootable root raid devices.
> # REQUIRES ldconfig version 1.9.5 or better
> # do ldconfig -v to check
> #
> BUILDIR=/root/raidboot/mnt
> #BUILDIR=
>
81,82c92,93
< install pthread.h $(INCLUDEDIR)/pthread.h
< install semaphore.h $(INCLUDEDIR)/semaphore.h
---
> install pthread.h $(BUILDIR)$(INCLUDEDIR)/pthread.h
> install semaphore.h $(BUILDIR)$(INCLUDEDIR)/semaphore.h
84c95
< test -f /usr/include/sched.h || install sched.h $(INCLUDEDIR)/sched.h
---
> test -f $(BUILDIR)/usr/include/sched.h || install sched.h $(BUILDIR)$(INCLUDEDIR)/sched.h
86,89c97,103
< install $(LIB) $(LIBDIR)/$(LIB)
< install $(SHLIB) $(SHAREDLIBDIR)/$(SHLIB)
< rm -f $(LIBDIR)/$(SHLIB0)
< ln -s $(SHAREDLIBDIR)/$(SHLIB) $(LIBDIR)/$(SHLIB0)
---
> install $(LIB) $(BUILDIR)$(LIBDIR)/$(LIB)
> install $(SHLIB) $(BUILDIR)$(SHAREDLIBDIR)/$(SHLIB)
> rm -f $(BUILDIR)$(LIBDIR)/$(SHLIB0)
> ln -s $(SHAREDLIBDIR)/$(SHLIB) $(BUILDIR)$(LIBDIR)/$(SHLIB0)
> ifneq ($(BUILDIR),)
> ldconfig -r ${BUILDIR} -n $(SHAREDLIBDIR)
> else
91c105,106
< cd man; $(MAKE) MANDIR=$(MANDIR) install
---
> endif
> cd man; $(MAKE) MANDIR=$(BUILDIR)$(MANDIR) install
The next step is the installation of the raid tools. raidtools-0.42
You must run the "configure" script to point the Makefile at the build directory for the ramdisk files
cd /usr/src/raidtools-0.42 configure --sbindir=/root/raidboot/mnt/sbin --prefix=/root/raidboot/mnt/usr make make installNow!! the Makefile for install is not quite right so do the following to clean up. This will be fixed in future releases so that the re-linking will not be necessary.
Fix the make install error
The file links specified in the Makefile at 'LINKS' must be removed and re-linked to operate properly.
cd /root/raidboot/mnt/sbin
ln -fs mdadd mdrun
ln -fs mdadd mdstop
Delete the following directories from filesystem (CAUTION DON'T DELETE FROM YOUR RUNNING SYSTEM) it's easy to do, guess how I found out!!!
cd /root/raidboot/mnt
rm -r home/ftp/*
rm -r lost+found
rm -r usr/doc
rm -r usr/info
rm -r usr/local/man
rm -r usr/man
rm -r usr/openwin
rm -r usr/share/locale
rm -r usr/X*
rm -r var/man
rm -r var/log/packages
rm -r var/log/setup
rm -r var/log/disk_contents
The last step simply copies the /dev/md* devices from the current file system onto the rescue file system. You could create these with mknode.
cp -a /dev/md* /root/raidboot/mnt/dev
Now you have a clean re-useable filesystem ready for customization. Once customized, this file system can be used for rescue should the raid device(s) become corrupted and the raid tools needed to fix them. It will also be used to boot and root-mount the raid device by adding the linuxrc file which will be discussed next.
Copy the file system to a smaller device for the initrd file, 16 megs should be large enough.
Create the smaller file system and mount it
cd /root/raidboot
dd if=/dev/zero of=bare.fs bs=1024k count=16
associate the file with a loop device
and generate a ext2 file system on the file
losetup /dev/loop1 bare.fs
mke2fs -v -m0 -L initrd /dev/loop1
mount /dev/loop1 mnt2
Copy the 'build' file system to 'bare.fs'
cp -a mnt/* mnt2
Save the 'bare.fs' system before customization so later update is easy.
The 'build' file system is no longer needed and may be deleted.
cd /root/raidboot
umount mnt
umount mnt2
losetup -d /dev/loop0
losetup -d /dev/loop1
rm build
cp bare.fs rescue
gzip -9 bare.fs
Now copy the system dependent items that match the kernel from the development platform, or you can manually modify the files in the rescue file system to match your target system.
losetup /dev/loop0 rescue
mount /dev/loop0 mnt
Make sure your etc directory is clean of *~, core and log files.
The next 2 commands creates some warning messages, ignore them.
cp -dp /etc/* mnt/etc
cp -dp /etc/rc.d/* mnt/etc/rc.d
mkdir mnt/lib/modules
cp -a /lib/modules/2.x.x mnt/lib/modules <--- your current 2.x.x
Edit the following files to correct them for your rescue system. Some file names listed below are Slackware specific but have equivalents in other distributions.
cd mnt
Non-network
etc/fstab
etc/mdtab should work OK
Network
etc/hosts
etc/resolv.conf
etc/hosts.equiv and related files
etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 correct ip#, mask, gateway, etc...
etc/rc.d/rc.S remove entire section on file system status
from:
# Test to see if the root partition is read-only
to but not including:
# remove /etc/mtab* so that mount will .....
This avoids the annoying warning that
the ramdisk is mounted rw.
etc/rc.d/rc.xxxxx others as required, see later on in this doc
root/.rhosts if present
home/xxxx/xxxx others as required
WARNING: The above procedure moves your password and shadow
files onto the rescue disk!!!!!
WARNING: You may not wish to do this for security reasons.
Create any directories for mounting /dev/disk... as may be required
that are unique to your system. These are the mountpoints for booting
the system (boot partition and backup boot partition). My system boot from
dos using loadlin, however linux partition(s) and lilo will work fine.
My system uses:
cd /root/raidboot/mnt <--- initrd root
mkdir dosa dos partition mount point
mkdir dosb dos mirror mount point
The rescue file system is complete!
You will note upon examination of the files in the rescue file system, that there are still many files that could be deleted. I have not done this since it would overly complicate this procedure and most raid systems have adequate disk and memory. If you wish to skinny down the file system, go to it!
To make the rescue disk boot the raid device, you need only copy the executable script file:
linuxrc
to the root of the device.
The theory of operation for this linuxrc file is discussed in Appendix G, linuxrc theory of operation.
A very simple and much easier to understand (working) linuxrc is included in Appendix D, obsolete linuxrc and shutdown scripts. Copy the following text to linuxrc and save in your development area.
-------------------- linuxrc ----------------------
#!/bin/sh
# ver 1.13 3-6-98
#
################# BEGIN 'linuxrc' ##################
# DEFINE FUNCTIONS #
####################################################
# Define 'Fault' function in the event something
# goes wrong during the execution of 'linuxrc'
#
FaultExit () {
# correct fstab to show '/dev/ram0' for rescue system
/bin/cat /etc/fstab | {
while read Line
do
if [ -z "$( echo ${Line} | /usr/bin/grep md0 )" ]; then
echo ${Line}
else
echo "/dev/ram0 / ext2 defaults 1 1"
fi
done
} > /etc/tmp.$$
/bin/mv /etc/tmp.$$ /etc/fstab
# point root at /dev/ram0 (the rescue system)
echo 0x100>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
/bin/umount /proc
exit
}
# Define 'Warning' procdure to print banner on boot terminal
#
Warning () {
echo '*********************************'
echo -e " $*"
echo '*********************************'
}
# Define 'SplitKernelArg' to help extract 'Raid' related kernel arguments
SplitKernelArg () { eval $1='$( IFS=,; echo $2)' }
#Define 'SplitConfArgs' to help extract system configuration arguments
SplitConfArgs () {
RaidBootType=$1
RaidBootDevice=$2
RaidConfigPath=$3
}
########################################################
################### MAIN linuxrc #######################
########################################################
# mount the proc file system
/bin/mount /proc
# Get the boot partition and configuration location from command line
CMDLINE=`/bin/cat /proc/cmdline`
for Parameter in $CMDLINE; do
Parameter=$( IFS='='; echo ${Parameter} )
case $Parameter in
Raid*) SplitKernelArg $Parameter;;
esac
done
# check for 'required raid boot'
if [ -z "${Raid_Conf}" ]; then
Warning Kernel command line \'Raid_Conf\' missing
FaultExit
fi
SplitConfArgs $Raid_Conf
# tmp mount the boot partition
/bin/mount -t ${RaidBootType} ${RaidBootDevice} /mnt
# get etc files from primary raid system
pushd /etc
# this will un-tar into 'etc' (see rc.6)
if [ ! -f /mnt/${RaidConfigPath}/raidboot.etc ]; then
# bad news, this file should be here
Warning required file \'raidboot.etc\' \
missing from ${RaidBootDevice}/${RaidConfigPath} \\n \
\\tUsing rescue system defaults
else
/bin/tar -xf /mnt/${RaidConfigPath}/raidboot.etc
fi
# get 'real' raidboot device for this boot
# status path, and name of raidX.conf
if [ ! -f /mnt/${RaidConfigPath}/raidboot.cfg ]; then
# bad news, this file should be here
Warning required file 'raidboot.cfg' \
missing from ${RaidBootDevice}/${RaidConfigPath}\\n \
\\tUsing rescue system defaults
# Get the first raidX.conf file name in $RArg1
RaidBootDevs=$RaidBootDevice
RaidStatusPath=$RaidConfigPath
for RaidConfigEtc in $( ls raid*.conf )
do break; done
else
{
read RaidBootDevs
read RaidStatusPath
read RaidConfigEtc
} < /mnt/${RaidConfigPath}/raidboot.cfg
fi
popd
/bin/umount /mnt
# Set a flag in case the raid status file is not found
#
RAIDOWN="raidboot.ro not found"
RAIDREF="raidgood.ref not found"
echo "Reading md0 shutdown status."
# search for raid shutdown status
for Device in ${RaidBootDevs}
do
# these filesystem types should be in 'fstab' since
# the partitions must be mounted for a clean raid shutdown
/bin/mount ${Device} /mnt
if [ -f /mnt/${RaidStatusPath}/raidboot.ro ]; then
RAIDOWN=`/bin/cat /mnt/${RaidStatusPath}/raidboot.ro`
RAIDREF=`/bin/cat /mnt/${RaidStatusPath}/raidgood.ref`
/bin/umount /mnt
break
fi
/bin/umount /mnt
done
# Test for a clean shutdown with array matching reference
if [ "${RAIDOWN}" != "${RAIDREF}" ]; then
Warning shutdown ERROR ${RAIDOWN}
FaultExit
fi
# The raid array is clean, remove shutdown status files
for Device in ${RaidBootDevs}
do
/bin/mount ${Device} /mnt
/bin/rm -f /mnt/${RaidStatusPath}/raidboot.ro
/bin/umount /mnt
done
# Write a clean superblock on all raid devices
echo "write clean superblocks"
/sbin/mkraid -f --only-superblock /etc/${RaidConfigEtc}
# Activate raid array(s)
if [ -z "$Raid_ALT" ]; then
/sbin/mdadd -ar
else
/sbin/mdadd $Raid_ALT
fi
# If there are errors - BAIL OUT and leave rescue running
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
Warning some RAID device has errors
FaultExit
fi
# Everything is fine, let the kernel mount /dev/md0
# tell the kernel to switch to /dev/md0 as the /root device
# The 0x900 value is the device number calculated by:
# 256*major_device_number + minor_device number
echo "/dev/md0 mounted on root"
echo 0x900>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
# umount /proc to deallocate initrd device ram space
/bin/umount /proc
exit
#------------------ end linuxrc ----------------------
Add 'linuxrc' to initrd boot device
cd /root/raidboot
chmod 777 linuxrc
cp -p linuxrc mnt
To complete the installation, modify the rc scripts to save the md status to the real root device when shutdown occurs.
In slackware this is rc.0 -> rc.6 In debian 'bo' this is in both 'halt' and 'reboot' If you implement this in another distribution, please e-mail the instructions and sample files so they can be included here.I have modified Bohumil Chalupa's raid stop work-around slightly. His original solution is presented in Appendix A.
Since there are no linux partitions left on the production system except md0, the boot partitions are used to store the raidOK readonly status. I chose to write a file to each of the duplicate boot partitions containing the status of the md array at shutdown and signifying that the md device has been remounted RO. This allows the system to be fail safe when any of the hard drives die.
The shutdown script is modified to call rc.raidown which saves the necessary information to successfully reboot and mount the raid device. Examples of shutdown scripts for various linux distributions are shown in Appendix B.
To capture the raid array shutdown status insert a call to rc.raidown after any case statements (if present) but before the actual shutdown (kills, status saves, etc...) begins and before the file systems are dismounted.
############ Save raid boot and status info ##############
#
if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.raidown ]; then
/etc/rc.d/rc.raidown
fi
################## end raid boot #########################
After all the file systems are dismounted (the root file system
'will not' dismount) but before any powerfail status check add:
################ for raid arrays #########################
# Stop all known raid arrays (except root which won't stop)
if [ -x /sbin/mdstop ]; then
echo "Stopping raid"
/sbin/mdstop -a
fi
##########################################################
This will cleanly stop all raid devices except root. Root status
is passed to the next boot in raidstat.ro.
Copy the rc file to your new raid array, the rescue file system that is still mounted on /root/raidboot/mnt and the development system if it is on the same machine.
Modify rescue etc/fstab as needed and make sure rescue mdtab is correct.
Now copy the rescue disk to your dos partition and everything should be ready to boot the raid device as root.
umount mnt
losetup -d /dev/loop0
gzip -9 rescue
Copy rescue.gz to your boot partitions.
All that remains is to creat the configuration file raidboot.conf and test the new file system by rebooting.
The comments following the example configuration file explain each of the three lines. This example file is for a 4 drive raid5 scsii array with duplicate boot partitions on drives sda1 and sdb1. Put the paramaters descriptive of your file systems here instead.
/dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 linux raid5.conf # comments may only be placed 'after' the three # configuration lines. # # This is 'raidboot.conf' # # line one, the partition(s) containing the 'initrd' raid-rescue system # It is not necessary to boot from these partitions, however, # since the rescue system will not fit on floppy, it is necessary # to know which partitions are to be used to load the rescue system # # line two, the path to the raidboot config information # Where the shutdown status, etc... is located at boot time # It does NOT include the mount point information, only 'path' # /mntpoint/'path' # # line -3-, name of the raid configuration file # Current raid configuration file i.e. raid1.conf, raid5.conf
There are two kernel variables for the RESCUE and RAID system, only the first need be specified.
This variable points to raid boot device and configuration file. For floppy rescue boot, you may want to specify this on the kernel command line or in the loadlin or lilo boot file
format: 'filesystem-type,device,path-to-config-from-mountpoint'
Alternate mdadd parameters necessary when booting with non-redundant raid array. These are the comma separated command line parameters for mdadd. Unless they are needed to start a failed/non-redundant array, COMMENT OUT OR SPECIFY WITH A 'NULL'.
i.e. Raid_ALT=
When booting with lilo, the parameters are included in the lilo config file in the form:
append="Raid_Conf=msdos,/dev/sda1,raidboot" append="Raid_ALT=-r,-p5,/dev/md0,/dev/sda3 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdc3 /dev/sdd3"See man lilo.conf for more detailed information.
Since I have some hardware that requires DOS configuration utilities, I have a small dos partition on the system. Therefore, I used loadlin to boot the raid5 system from the dos partition with a mirror (copy) on the companion disk. An identical method is used for the raid1 system. The example below uses loadlin, but the procedure is very similar for lilo.
My dos root system contains a small editor among the utilities so I can modify the boot parameters of loadlin if necessary, allowing me to reboot the linux system on my swap disk while testing.
The dos system contains this tree for linux"
c:\raidboot.bat
c:\raidboot\loadlin.exe
c:\raidboot\zimage
c:\raidboot\rescue.gz
c:\raidboot\raidboot.cfg
c:\raidboot\raidboot.etc
c:\raidboot\raidgood.ref
c:\raidboot\raidstat.ro (only at shutdown)
linux.bat contains:
---------------------- linux.bat --------------------------- echo "Start the LOADLIN process:" c:\raidboot\loadlin @c:\raidboot\boot.par -------------------- end linux.bat -------------------------boot.par contains:
# loadlin boot parameter file
#
# version 1.02 3-6-98
# linux kernel image
c:\linux\zimage
# target root device
root=/dev/md0
#root=/dev/ram0
#root=/dev/sdc5
# mount root device as 'ro'
ro
# size of ram disk
ramdisk_size=16384
# initrd file name
initrd=c:\raidboot\rescue.gz
#noinitrd
# memory ends here
mem=131072k
# points to raid boot device, configuration file
# for floppy rescue boot, you may want to specify
# this on the command line instead of here
# format 'filesystem-type,device,path-to-config-frm_mntpnt'
Raid_Conf=msdos,/dev/sda1,raidboot
# Alternate mdadd parameters
# necessary when boot with non-redundant raid
# otherwise, COMMENT OUT OR SPECIFY 'NULL'
#Raid_ALT=-r,-p5,/dev/md0,/dev/sda3 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdc3 /dev/sdd3
# ethernet devices
ether=10,0x300,eth0
***** >> NOTE!! the only difference between forcing the rescue system to
run and the raid device mounting, is the loadlin parameter
root=/dev/ram0 for the rescue system
root=/dev/md0 for RAID
With root=/dev/ram0 the RAID device will not mount
and the rescue system will run unconditionally.
If the RAID array fails, the rescue system is left mounted and running.
Raid-1 Raid-5
Motherboard: Iwill P55TU dual ide adaptec scsi
Processor: Intel P200
Disks: 2ea 7 gig 4 ea Segate 4.2 gig
Maxtors wide scsii
The disk drives are designated by linux as 'sda' through 'sdd' on the raid5
system and 'hda' and 'hdc' on the raid1 system.
Since testing a large root mountable RAID array is difficult because of the ckraid re-boot problem, I re-partitioned my swap space to include a smaller RAID partition for testing purposes, sda6,sdb6,sdc6,sdd6, and a small root and /usr/src partition pair for developing and testing the raid kernel and tools. You may find this helpful.
<bf/DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM - RAID5/
Device System Size Purpose
/dev/sda1 dos boot 16 meg boot partition
* /dev/sda2 extended 130 meg (see below)
/dev/sda3 linux native 4 gig primary raid5-1
----------------------sda2------------------------------
* /dev/sda5 linux swap 113 meg SWAP space
* /dev/sda6 linux native 16 meg test raid5-1
========================================================
/dev/sdb1 dos boot 16 meg boot partition duplicate
* /dev/sdb2 extended 130 meg (see below)
/dev/sdb3 linux native 4 gig primary raid5-2
----------------------sdb2------------------------------
* /dev/sdb5 linux swap 113 meg SWAP space
* /dev/sdb6 linux native 16 meg test raid5-2
========================================================
* /dev/sdc2 extended 146 meg (see below)
/dev/sdc3 linux native 4 gig primary raid5-3
----------------------sdc2------------------------------
* /dev/sdc5 linux swap 130 meg development root partition
* /dev/sdc6 linux native 16 meg test raid5-3
========================================================
* /dev/sdd2 extended 146 meg (see below)
/dev/sdd3 linux native 4 gig primary raid5-4
----------------------sdd2------------------------------
* /dev/sdd5 linux swap 130 meg development /usr/src
* /dev/sdd6 linux native 16 meg test raid5-4
<bf/DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM - RAID1/
Device System Size Purpose
/dev/hda1 dos 16meg boot partition
* /dev/hda2 extended 126m (see below)
/dev/hda3 linux 126m development root partition
/dev/hda4 linux 6+gig raid1-1
----------------------hda2------------------------------
* /dev/hda5 linux 26m test raid1-1
* /dev/hda6 linux swap 100m
========================================================
/dev/hdc1 is simply an exact copy of hda1 so the
partion can be made active if hda fails
* /dev/hdc2 extended 126m (see below)
/dev/hdc3 linux 126m development /usr/src
/dev/hdc4 linux 6+gig raid1-2
----------------------hdc2------------------------------
* /dev/hdc5 linux 26m test raid1-2
* /dev/hdc6 linux swap 100m
The sdx2 and hdx3 partitions were switched to 'swap' after developing
this utility. I could have done it on another machine, however,
the libraries and kernels are all about a year or more out of date
on my other linux boxes and I preferred to build it on the target machine.
The partitioning scheme was chosen so that in the event that any one of the drives fails catastrophically, the system will continue to run and be bootable with minimum effort and NO data loss.
"/sbin/mkraid /etc/raid<it/x/.conf -f --only-superblock"
to rebuild the remaining superblock(s).
mdadd -ar
cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 > /dosx/raidboot/raidgood.ref
shutdown -r now
to do a clean reboot, and the system is up again.This description is for my RAID systems described in the system specs. Your system may have a different RAID architecture, so modify as appropriate. Please read the man pages and QuickStart.RAID that come with the raidtools-0.42
# raid-5 configuration
raiddev /dev/md0
raid-level 5
nr-raid-disks 4
chunk-size 32
# Parity placement algorithm
parity-algorithm left-symmetric
# Spare disks for hot reconstruction
#nr-spare-disks 0
device /dev/sda3
raid-disk 0
device /dev/sdb3
raid-disk 1
device /dev/sdc3
raid-disk 2
device /dev/sdd3
raid-disk 3
# raid-1 configuration
raiddev /dev/md0
raid-level 1
nr-raid-disks 2
nr-spare-disks 0
device /dev/hda4
raid-disk 0
device /dev/hdc4
raid-disk 1
For my RAID5 system I did a complete install of:
Slackware-3.4 any current distribution should work OK
linuxthreads-0.71
raidtools-0.42
linux-2.0.33 with raid145 patch and Gadi's patch
Create and format the raid device.
mkraid /etc/raid5.conf
mdcreate raid5 /dev/md0 /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdc3 /dev/sdd3
mdadd -ar
mke2fs /dev/md0
mkdir /md
mount -t ext2 /dev/md0 /md
Create the reference files that reboot will use,
this may be different on your system.
cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 > /dosa/raidboot/raidgood.ref
cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 > /dosb/raidboot/raidgood.ref
Use Slackware-3.4 or another distribution to build your OS
setup
Specify '/md' as the target, and the source whatever your normally use.
Select and install the disksets of interest except for the kernel.
Configure the system, but skip the section on lilo and kernel booting.
Exit setup.
Install 'pthreads'
cd /usr/src/linuxthreads-0.71
edit the Makefile and specify
BUILDIR=/md
make
make install
Install 'raidtools'
cd /usr/src/raidtools-0.42
configure --sbindir=/md/sbin --prefix=/md/usr
fix the raidtools make install error
cd /md/sbin
rm mdrun
rm mdstop
ln -s mdadd mdrun
ln -s mdadd mdstop
Create /dev/mdx
cp -a /dev/md* /md/dev
Add the system configuration from the current system (ignore errors).
cp -dp /etc/* mnt/etc
cp -dp /etc/rc.d/* mnt/etc/rc.d (include the new rc.6)
mkdir mnt/lib/modules
cp -a /lib/modules/2.x.x mnt/lib/modules <--- your current 2.x.x
Edit the following files to correct them for your file system
cd /md
Non-network
etc/fstab correct for real root and raid devices.
etc/mdtab should work OK
Network
etc/hosts
etc/resolv.conf
etc/hosts.equiv and related files
etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 correct ip#, mask, gateway, etc...
etc/rc.d/rc.S remove entire section on file system status
from:
# Test to see if the root partition isread-only
to but not including:
# remove /etc/mtab* so that mount will .....
This avoids the annoying warning that
the ramdisk is mounted rw.
etc/rc.d/rc.xxxxx others as required
root/.rhosts if present
home/xxxx/xxxx others as required
WARNING: The above procedure moves your password and shadow
files onto the new file system!!!!!
WARNING: You may not wish to do this for security reasons.
Create any directories for mounting /dev/disk... as may be required
that are unique to your system. Mine need:
cd /md <--- new file system root
mkdir dosa dos partition mount point
mkdir dosb dos mirror mount point
The new file system is complete. Make sure and save the md reference
status to the 'real' root device and you are ready to boot.
mount the dos partitions on dosa and dosb
cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 > /dosa/raidboot/raidgood.ref
cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 > /dosb/raidboot/raidgood.ref
mdstop /dev/md0
Remember that an expert is someone who knows at least 1% more than you do about a subject. Bear this in mind when you e-mail me for help. I'll try, but I've only done this once for raid1 and once for raid5!
Michael Robinton Michael@bzs.org
Bohumil Chalupa's post to the linux raid list on the work around for the raid1 + 5 mdstop problem. His solution does not address the possibility of the raid device being corrupt at shutdown. So I have added a simple status comparison to a good reference status at boot. This allows the operator to intervene if something is wrong with a disk in the array. The description of this is in the main body of this document.
> From: Bohumil Chalupa <bochal@apollo.karlov.mff.cuni.cz>
>
> I can now boot initrd and use linuxrc to start the RAID1 array,
> then successfully switch root to /dev/md0.
>
> I don't know, however, any way how to cleanly _stop_ the array.
Well. I have to answer myself :-)
> Date: Mon, 29 Dec 1997 02:21:38 -0600 (CST)
> From: Edward Welbon <welbon@bga.com>
> Subject: Re: dismounting root raid device
>
> For md devices other than raid0, there is probably state that needs to
> be saved that is only known once all writes have completed. Such state
> of course can't be saved to root once it is mounted readonly. In that
> case, you would have to be able to mount a writeable filesystem "X"
> on the readonly root and be able to write to "X" (I recall doing this
> during "rescue" operations, but not as an automated procedure).
>
> The filesystem "X" would presumably be a boot device from which the raid
> (during linuxrc exection via initrd) would pickup it's initial state from.
> Fortunately raid0 isn't required to write out any state (though it would
> be pleasant to be able to write the check sums to mdtab after an mdstop).
> Eventually, I will fiddle with this but it doesn't seem difficult though
> the "devil" is always in the "details".
Yes, that's it.
I had this idea in mind for some time already, but had no time to try it.
Yesterday I did, and it works.
With my RAID1 (mirror), I don't save any checksums or raid superblock data.
I only save an information on the "real" boot partition, that the root md
volume was remounted readonly during shutdown. Then, during boot, the
linuxrc script runs mkraid --only-superblock when it finds this
information; otherwise, it runs ckraid.
This means, that the raid superblock information is not updated during
shutdown; it's updated at the boot time.
It is not very clean, I'm afraid, :-( but it works.
I'm using Slackware and initrd.md by Edward Welbon to boot the root raid
device.
As far as I remember now, the only modified files are
mkdisk and linuxrc, and /etc/rc.d/rc.6 shutdown script.
And lilo.conf, of course.
I'm appending the important parts.
Bohumil Chalupa
--------------- my.linuxrc follows -----------------
#!/bin/sh
# we need /proc
/bin/mount /proc
# start up the md0 device. let the /etc/rc.d scripts get the rest of them
# we should do as little as possible here
# ________________________________________
# root raid1 shutdown test & recreation
# /start must be created on the rd image in my.mkdisk
echo "preparing md0: mounting /start"
/bin/mount /dev/sda2 /start -t ext2
echo "reading saved md0 state from /start"
if [ -f /start/root.raid.ok ]; then
echo "raid ok, modyfying superblock"
rm /start/root.raid.ok
/sbin/mkraid /etc/raid1.conf -f --only-superblock
else
echo "raid not clean, runing ckraid --fix"
/sbin/ckraid --fix /etc/raid1.conf
fi
echo "unmounting /start"
/bin/umount /start
# _________________________________________
#
echo "adding md0 for root file system"
/sbin/mdadd /dev/md0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1
echo "starting md0"
/sbin/mdrun -p1 /dev/md0
# tell kernel we want to switch to /dev/md0 as root device, the 0x900 value
# is arrived at via 256*major_device_number + minor_device number.
echo "setting real-root-dev"
/bin/echo 0x900>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
# unmount /proc so that the ram disk can be deallocated.
echo "unmounting /proc"
/bin/umount /proc
/bin/echo "We are hopefully ready to mount /dev/md0 (major 9, minor 0) as
root"
exit
--------------- end of my.linuxrc ----------------------------------
----------- extract from /etc/rc.d/rc.6 follows -----------------
# Turn off swap, then unmount local file systems.
echo "Turning off swap."
swapoff -a
echo "Unmounting local file systems."
umount -a -tnonfs
# Don't remount UMSDOS root volumes:
if [ ! "`mount | head -1 | cut -d ' ' -f 5`" = "umsdos" ]; then
mount -n -o remount,ro /
fi
# Save raid state
echo "Saving RAID state"
/bin/mount -n /dev/sda2 /start -t ext2
touch /start/root.raid.ok
/bin/umount -n /start
-------------- end of excerpt from rc.6 ------------------------
------------------ part of my.mkdisk follows ----------------------
#
# now we have the filesystem ready to be populated, we need to
# get a few important directories. I had endless trouble till
# I created a pristine mtab. In my case, it is convenient that
# /etc/mdtab is copied over, this way I can activate md with
# a simple "/sbin/mdadd -ar" in linuxrc.
#
cp -a $ROOT/etc $MOUNTPNT 2>cp.stderr 1>cp.stdout
rm -rf $MOUNTPNT/etc/mtab
rm -rf $MOUNTPNT/etc/ppp*
rm -rf $MOUNTPNT/etc/termcap
rm -rf $MOUNTPNT/etc/sendmail*
rm -rf $MOUNTPNT/etc/rc.d
rm -rf $MOUNTPNT/etc/dos*
cp -a $ROOT/sbin $ROOT/dev $ROOT/lib $ROOT/bin $MOUNTPNT 2>>cp.stderr
1>>cp.stdout
# _____________________________________________________________________
# RAID: will need mkraid and ckraid
cp -a $ROOT/usr/sbin/mkraid $ROOT/usr/sbin/ckraid $MOUNTPNT/sbin
2>>cp.stderr 1>>cp.stdout
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
# it seems that init wont come out to play unless it has utmp. this can
# probably be pruned back alot. no telling what the real bug was 8-).
#
mkdir $MOUNTPNT/var $MOUNTPNT/var/log $MOUNTPNT/var/run $MOUNTPNT/initrd
touch $MOUNTPNT/var/run/utmp $MOUNTPNT/etc/mtab
chmod a+r $MOUNTPNT/var/run/utmp $MOUNTPNT/etc/mtab
ln -s /var/run/utmp $MOUNTPNT/var/log/utmp
ln -s /var/log/utmp $MOUNTPNT/etc/utmp
ls -lstrd $MOUNTPNT/etc/utmp $MOUNTPNT/var/log/utmp $MOUNTPNT/var/run/utmp
#
# since I wanted to change the mount point, I needed this though
# I suppose that I could have done a "mkdir /proc" in linuxrc.
#
mkdir $MOUNTPNT/proc
chmod 555 $MOUNTPNT/proc
#
# ------------------------------------------------------
# we'll mount the real boot device to /start temporarily
# to check the root raid state saved at shutdown time
#
mkdir $MOUNTPNT/start
# -------------------------------------------------------
#
# need linuxrc (it is, after all, the point of this exercise).
#
if [ -x ./my.linuxrc ]; then
cp -a ./my.linuxrc $MOUNTPNT/linuxrc
chmod 777 $MOUNTPNT/linuxrc
else
ln -s /bin/sh $MOUNTPNT/linuxrc
fi
#
----------------- part of my.mkdisk ends -----------------
#! /bin/sh
#
# rc.6 This file is executed by init when it goes into runlevel
# 0 (halt) or runlevel 6 (reboot). It kills all processes,
# unmounts file systems and then either halts or reboots.
#
# Version: @(#)/etc/rc.d/rc.6 1.50 1994-01-15
#
# Author: Miquel van Smoorenburg <miquels@drinkel.nl.mugnet.org>
# Modified by: Patrick J. Volkerding, <volkerdi@ftp.cdrom.com>
#
# Modified by: Michael A. Robinton < michael@bizsystems.com >
# to add call to rc.raidown
# Set the path.
PATH=/sbin:/etc:/bin:/usr/bin
# Set linefeed mode to avoid staircase effect.
stty onlcr
echo "Running shutdown script $0:"
# Find out how we were called.
case "$0" in
*0)
message="The system is halted."
command="halt"
;;
*6)
message="Rebooting."
command=reboot
;;
*)
echo "$0: call me as \"rc.0\" or \"rc.6\" please!"
exit 1
;;
esac
############ Save raid boot and status info ##############
#
if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.raidown ]; then
/etc/rc.d/rc.raidown
fi
################## end raid boot #########################
# Kill all processes.
# INIT is supposed to handle this entirely now, but this didn't always
# work correctly without this second pass at killing off the processes.
# Since INIT already notified the user that processes were being killed,
# we'll avoid echoing this info this time around.
if [ "$1" != "fast" ]; then # shutdown did not already kill all processes
killall5 -15
killall5 -9
fi
# Try to turn off quota and accounting.
if [ -x /usr/sbin/quotaoff ]
then
echo "Turning off quota."
/usr/sbin/quotaoff -a
fi
if [ -x /sbin/accton ]
then
echo "Turning off accounting."
/sbin/accton
fi
# Before unmounting file systems write a reboot or halt record to wtmp.
$command -w
# Save localtime
[ -e /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime ] && cp /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime /etc
# Asynchronously unmount any remote filesystems:
echo "Unmounting remote filesystems."
umount -a -tnfs &
# Turn off swap, then unmount local file systems.
echo "Turning off swap."
swapoff -a
echo "Unmounting local file systems."
umount -a -tnonfs
# Don't remount UMSDOS root volumes:
if [ ! "`mount | head -1 | cut -d ' ' -f 5`" = "umsdos" ]; then
mount -n -o remount,ro /
fi
################ for raid arrays #########################
# Stop all known raid arrays (except root which won't stop)
if [ -x /sbin/mdstop ]; then
echo "Stopping raid"
/sbin/mdstop -a
fi
##########################################################
# See if this is a powerfail situation.
if [ -f /etc/powerstatus ]; then
echo "Turning off UPS, bye."
/sbin/powerd -q
exit 1
fi
# Now halt or reboot.
echo "$message"
[ ! -f /etc/fastboot ] && echo "On the next boot fsck will be FORCED."
$command -f
############### end rc.6 #################################
The modifications shown here for Debian bo halt and reboot files are NOT TESTED. When you test this, please e-mail me so I can remove this comment.
#! /bin/sh
#
# halt The commands in this script are executed as the last
# step in runlevel 0, ie halt.
#
# Version: @(#)halt 1.10 26-Apr-1997 miquels@cistron.nl
#
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
############ Save raid boot and status info ##############
#
if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.raidown ]; then
/etc/rc.d/rc.raidown
fi
################## end raid boot #########################
# Kill all processes.
echo -n "Sending all processes the TERM signal... "
killall5 -15
echo "done."
sleep 5
echo -n "Sending all processes the KILL signal... "
killall5 -9
echo "done."
# Write a reboot record to /var/log/wtmp.
halt -w
# Save the random seed between reboots.
/etc/init.d/urandom stop
echo -n "Deactivating swap... "
swapoff -a
echo "done."
echo -n "Unmounting file systems... "
umount -a
echo "done."
mount -n -o remount,ro /
################ for raid arrays #########################
# Stop all known raid arrays (except root which won't stop)
if [ -x /sbin/mdstop ]; then
echo "Stopping raid"
/sbin/mdstop -a
fi
##########################################################
# See if we need to cut the power.
if [ -x /etc/init.d/ups-monitor ]
then
/etc/init.d/ups-monitor poweroff
fi
halt -d -f
############# end halt ####################
#! /bin/sh # # reboot The commands in this script are executed as the last # step in runlevel 6, ie reboot. # # Version: @(#)reboot 1.9 02-Feb-1997 miquels@cistron.nl # PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin ############ Save raid boot and status info ############## # if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.raidown ]; then /etc/rc.d/rc.raidown fi ################## end raid boot ######################### # Kill all processes. echo -n "Sending all processes the TERM signal... " killall5 -15 echo "done." sleep 5 echo -n "Sending all processes the KILL signal... " killall5 -9 echo "done." # Write a reboot record to /var/log/wtmp. halt -w # Save the random seed between reboots. /etc/init.d/urandom stop echo -n "Deactivating swap... " swapoff -a echo "done." echo -n "Unmounting file systems... " umount -a echo "done." mount -n -o remount,ro / ################ for raid arrays ######################### # Stop all known raid arrays (except root which won't stop) if [ -x /sbin/mdstop ]; then echo "Stopping raid" /sbin/mdstop -a fi ########################################################## echo -n "Rebooting... " reboot -d -f -i
This linuxrc file works fine with the shutdown procedure in the next subsection.
---------------------- linuxrc --------------------
#!/bin/sh
# ver 1.07 2-12-98
# linuxrc - for raid1 using small dos partition and loadlin
#
# mount the proc file system
/bin/mount /proc
# This may vary for your system.
# Mount the dos partitions, try both
# in case one disk is dead
/bin/mount /dosa
/bin/mount /dosc
# Set a flag in case the raid status file is not found
# then check both drives for the status file
RAIDOWN="raidstat.ro not found"
/bin/echo "Reading md0 shutdown status."
if [ -f /dosa/raidboot/raidstat.ro ]; then
RAIDOWN=`/bin/cat /dosa/raidboot/raidstat.ro`
RAIDREF=`/bin/cat /dosc/raidboot/raidgood.ref`
else
if [ -f /dosc/raidboot/raidstat.ro ]; then
RAIDOWN=`/bin/cat /dosc/raidboot/raidstat.ro`
RAIDREF=`/bin/cat /dosc/raidboot/raidgood.ref`
fi
fi
# Test for a clean shutdown with all disks operational
if [ "${RAIDOWN} != ${RAIDREF}" ]; then
echo "ERROR ${RAIDOWN}"
# Use the next 2 lines to BAIL OUT and leave rescue running
/bin/echo 0x100>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
exit # leaving the error files in dosa/raidboot,etc...
fi
# The raid array is clean, proceed by removing
# status file and writing a clean superblock
/bin/rm /dosa/raidboot/raidstat.ro
/bin/rm /dosc/raidboot/raidstat.ro
/sbin/mkraid /etc/raid1.conf -f --only-superblock
/bin/umount /dosa
/bin/umount /dosc
# Mount raid array
echo "Mounting md0, root filesystem"
/sbin/mdadd -ar
# If there are errors - BAIL OUT and leave rescue running
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echo "RAID device has errors"
# Use the next 3 lines to BAIL OUT
/bin/rm /etc/mtab # remove bad mtab
/bin/echo 0x100>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
exit
fi
# else tell the kernel to switch to /dev/md0 as the /root device
# The 0x900 value the device number calculated by:
# 256*major_device_number + minor_device number
/bin/echo 0x900>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
# umount /proc to deallocate initrd device ram space
/bin/umount /proc
/bin/echo "/dev/md0 mounted as root"
exit
#------------------ end linuxrc ----------------------
This shutdown procedure works fine with the preceeding linuxrc
To capture the raid array shutdown status, just before the file systems are dismounted insert:
RAIDSTATUS=`/bin/cat /proc/mdstat | /usr/bin/grep md0`
After all the file systems are dismounted (the root file system
'will not' dismount) add:
# root device remains mounted RO
# mount dos file systems RW
mount -n -o remount,ro /
echo "Writing RAID read-only boot FLAG(s)."
mount -n /dosa
mount -n /dosc
# create raid mounted RO flag in duplicate
# containing the shutdown status of the raid array
echo ${RAIDSTATUS} > /dosa/raidboot/raidstat.ro
echo ${RAIDSTATUS} > /dosc/raidboot/raidstat.ro
umount -n /dosa
umount -n /dosc
# Stop all the raid arrays (except root)
echo "Stopping raid"
mdstop -a
This will cleanly stop all raid devices except root. Root status
is passed to the next boot in raidstat.ro.
The complete shutdown script from my old raid1 Slackware system follows, I have switched raid1 to the new procedure with the /etc/raidboot.conf file.
#! /bin/sh
#
# rc.6 This file is executed by init when it goes into runlevel
# 0 (halt) or runlevel 6 (reboot). It kills all processes,
# unmounts file systems and then either halts or reboots.
#
# Version: @(#)/etc/rc.d/rc.6 1.50 1994-01-15
#
# Author: Miquel van Smoorenburg <miquels@drinkel.nl.mugnet.org>
# Modified by: Patrick J. Volkerding, <volkerdi@ftp.cdrom.com>
# Modified by: Michael A. Robinton, <michael@bzs.org> for RAID shutdown
# Set the path.
PATH=/sbin:/etc:/bin:/usr/bin
# Set linefeed mode to avoid staircase effect.
stty onlcr
echo "Running shutdown script $0:"
# Find out how we were called.
case "$0" in
*0)
message="The system is halted."
command="halt"
;;
*6)
message="Rebooting."
command=reboot
;;
*)
echo "$0: call me as \"rc.0\" or \"rc.6\" please!"
exit 1
;;
esac
# Kill all processes.
# INIT is supposed to handle this entirely now, but this didn't always
# work correctly without this second pass at killing off the processes.
# Since INIT already notified the user that processes were being killed,
# we'll avoid echoing this info this time around.
if [ "$1" != "fast" ]; then # shutdown did not already kill all processes
killall5 -15
killall5 -9
fi
# Try to turn off quota and accounting.
if [ -x /usr/sbin/quotaoff ]
then
echo "Turning off quota."
/usr/sbin/quotaoff -a
fi
if [ -x /sbin/accton ]
then
echo "Turning off accounting."
/sbin/accton
fi
# Before unmounting file systems write a reboot or halt record to wtmp.
$command -w
# Save localtime
[ -e /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime ] && cp /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime /etc
# Asynchronously unmount any remote filesystems:
echo "Unmounting remote filesystems."
umount -a -tnfs &
# you must have issued
# 'cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 > {your boot vol}/raidboot/raidgood.ref'
# before linuxrc will execute properly with this info
RAIDSTATUS=`/bin/cat /proc/mdstat | /usr/bin/grep md0 # capture raid status`
# Turn off swap, then unmount local file systems.
# clearing mdtab as well
echo "Turning off swap."
swapoff -a
echo "Unmounting local file systems."
umount -a -tnonfs
# Don't remount UMSDOS root volumes:
if [ ! "`mount | head -1 | cut -d ' ' -f 5`" = "umsdos" ]; then
mount -n -o remount,ro /
fi
# root device remains mounted
# mount dos file systems RW
echo "Writing RAID read-only boot FLAG(s)."
mount -n /dosa
mount -n /dosc
# create raid mounted RO flag in duplicate
# containing the shutdown status of the raid array
echo ${RAIDSTATUS} > /dosa/raidboot/raidstat.ro
echo ${RAIDSTATUS} > /dosc/raidboot/raidstat.ro
umount -n /dosa
umount -n /dosc
# Stop all the raid arrays (except root)
echo "Stopping raid"
mdstop -a
# See if this is a powerfail situation.
if [ -f /etc/power_is_failing ]; then
echo "Turning off UPS, bye."
/sbin/powerd -q
exit 1
fi
# Now halt or reboot.
echo "$message"
[ ! -f /etc/fastboot ] && echo "On the next boot fsck will be FORCED."
$command -f
--- linux/drivers/block/md.c.old Fri Nov 21 13:37:11 1997
+++ linux/drivers/block/md.c Sat Dec 6 13:34:28 1997
@@ -622,8 +622,13 @@
return do_md_run (minor, (int) arg);
case STOP_MD:
- return do_md_stop (minor, inode);
-
+ err = do_md_stop(minor, inode);
+ if (err) {
+ printk("md: enabling auto mdstop for %s\n",
devname(inode->i_rdev));
+ md_dev[minor].auto_mdstop = 1;
+ }
+ return err;
+
case BLKGETSIZE: /* Return device size */
if (!arg) return -EINVAL;
err=verify_area (VERIFY_WRITE, (long *) arg, sizeof(long));
@@ -692,6 +697,10 @@
sync_dev (inode->i_rdev);
md_dev[minor].busy--;
+ if (!md_dev[minor].busy && md_dev[minor].auto_mdstop) {
+ do_md_stop(minor, inode);
+ md_dev[minor].auto_mdstop = 0;
+ }
}
static int md_read (struct inode *inode, struct file *file,
--- linux/include/linux/md.h~ Fri Nov 21 13:29:14 1997
+++ linux/include/linux/md.h Fri Nov 21 13:29:14 1997
@@ -260,6 +260,7 @@
int repartition;
int busy;
int nb_dev;
+ int auto_mdstop;
void *private;
};
Copy the following text into the script file rc.raidown and save it in /etc/rc.d.
#! /bin/sh
#
# rc.raidown This file is executed by init when it goes into runlevel
# 0 (halt) or runlevel 6 (reboot). It saves the status of
# a root mounted raid array for subsequent re-boot
#
# Version: 1.08 3-25-98 Michael A. Robinton < michael@bizsystems.com >
#
############ Save raid boot and status info ##############
if [ -f /etc/raidboot.conf ]
then
{
read RaidBootDevs
read RaidStatusPath
read RaidConfigEtc
} < /etc/raidboot.conf
# you must have issued
# cat /proc/mdstat | grep md0 >
# {your boot vol mnt(s)}/{RaidStatusPath}/raidgood.ref
# before linuxrc will execute properly with this info
#
# capture raid status
RAIDSTATUS=`/bin/cat /proc/mdstat | /usr/bin/grep md0`
mkdir /tmp/raid$$
echo "Writing RAID read-only boot FLAG(s)."
for Device in ${RaidBootDevs}
do
# get mount point for raid boot device or use tmp
RBmount=$( cat /proc/mounts | /usr/bin/grep ${Device} )
if [ -n ${RBmounts} ]; then
RBmount=$( echo ${RBmount} | cut -f 2 -d ' ' )
else
RBmount="/tmp/raid$$"
mount ${Device} ${RBmount}
fi
if [ -d ${RBmount}/${RaidStatusPath} ]; then
# Create raid mounted RO flag = shutdown status of raid array
echo ${RAIDSTATUS} > ${RBmount}/${RaidStatusPath}/raidboot.ro
# Don't propagate 'fstab' from ramdisk
if [ -f /linuxrc ]; then
FSTAB=
else
FSTAB=fstab
fi
pushd /etc
# Save etc files for rescue system
/bin/tar --ignore-failed-read \
-cf ${RBmount}/${RaidStatusPath}/raidboot.etc \
raid*.conf mdtab* ${FSTAB} lilo.conf
popd
# Create new raidboot.cfg
{
/bin/echo ${RaidBootDevs}
/bin/echo ${RaidStatusPath}
/bin/echo ${RaidConfigEtc}
} > ${RBmount}/${RaidStatusPath}/raidboot.cfg
/bin/umount ${RBmount}
fi
done
rmdir /tmp/raid$$
echo "Raid boot armed"
fi
################## end raid boot #########################
This is the complex form of the linuxrc file for root mounted raid. It must be processed with 'bash' or another shell that recognizes shell functions.
The advantage is that it is generic and is not dependent on startup files and parameters located in the initrd image.
A Raid_Conf parameter passed to linuxrc by the kernel at boot from lilo or loadlin contains a pointer to the boot devices and location the of initial 2 raidboot files needed by linuxrc (raidboot.etc and raidboot.cfg placed by the shutdown script).
raidboot.etc containing the 'tar'ed files:The following additional files reside on the permanent raid boot partitions. This is usually the same as above, but in emergency situations may be loaded from anywhere they are available, such as a floppy boot disk.raid* mdtab* fstab lilo.conf ( if applicable )from the primary system that are transferred to the initrd /etcetc directory at startup. With care, this file may be edited if necessary when your system 'really' crashes.raidboot.cfg contains the name of the boot partition in use and applicable backup(s) as well as the path to the rest of the raid start up file used by linuxrc. This file is normally created by the shutdown file and may be created manually if necessary.
raidboot.cfg is of the form, 3 lines - no comments
/dev/bootdev1 /dev/bootdev2 [/dev/bootdev3 ... and so on] raid-status/path name_of_raidX.conf_filethe raid-status/path does not include the name of the mountpointthe raidX.conf filename is that one found in /etc and normally used for ckraid and mkraid.
See the shutdown scripts for saving this file and the next
From the linux-raid@vger.rutgers.edu mail list.
! Has anyone figured out how to do root-mounted RAID (as per
! the Root-RAID HOWTO) using RedHat? The problem is that there
! is no equivalent of Slackware's setup to install the root
! filesystem to the RAID device. All RedHat installs have to
! run from the install floppy, which makes it almost
! impossible to get at the md devices and utilities during the
! install.
!
! I think it's much easier to go out of the distribution and do it by
! hand!!
Assuming you have enough RAM (or a spare hard disk), install a minimal
system onto what will be your swap space (or onto your spare hard disk)
and/or /boot. Now do your mkraid, your mke2fs, mdrun, and mount. Next, do:
tar clf - / | tar xpfC - /mnt/raidwasmountedhere
(you may want a "v" in the second tar's flags)
Once this is done, you can set up lilo (or whatever) so that the new
raid partition is root. Then go in with RPM and/or glint (I hate
glint's behavior in the face of failed dependencies, which was fixed
but they broke it again for RH5.0 plus you can go back and forth
forever between an old and a new version of a package without
realizing the other version is installed) and install what you
really wanted.
All this assuming you couldn't sneak in at some point in the install
and do your mkraid then at the VC with the shell prompt...
! I'm building a server at the moment and I think it would be tidier
! and less likely to cause problems in the future if I start with
! glibc2, rather than move to it later.
!
! Me too.
!
! The reason I'd like to be able to use RedHat is that they
! are the only major distribution that I know of with a
! glibc2-based release.
!
! Debian works fine with me. There isn't a CD yet, but you can grab the
! distribution by ftp.
I avoided root-raid like the plague, largely because initrd is an
extra, very fragile step (having to rdev, and having lilo depend on
the bios' ID number to find the kernel's partition, are bad enough!).
However, Red Hat does have a nice mkinitrd script, needed since they
left all their SCSI drivers modular. Hack that to include your
raid utils, make sure your mdadd -ar is in the right spot in
/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit (before any fscking) and make sure mdstop -a is
in /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt after the RO-remount of /, and go for it!
Keith kwrohrer@enteract.com